"Introduction to Relational Databases," provides an overview of the relational model, emphasizing its significance in modern database management systems. It delves into the foundational principles of relational databases, highlighting their structured approach to data organization and management. Furthermore, the chapter underscores the importance of formal review processes in database design and development, emphasizing the need for systematic evaluation to ensure the reliability and effectiveness of relational database systems."Functional Dependencies (FDs)," explores the concept of functional dependencies within relational databases. It defines FDs and illustrates them through examples, elucidating their role in determining relationships between attributes in database schemas. Additionally, the chapter discusses the practical applications of FDs in database design, emphasizing their significance in ensuring data integrity and optimizing database structures. "Implication and Closure of FDs," delves deeper into FDs by examining their implications and closures.