The treatment of the conditions of the heart and lungs, and the surgical treatment of the organs inside the thorax is under the scope of cardiothoracic surgery. Blalock-Taussig shunt creation, aortic coarctation repair, closure of patent ductus arteriosus, bypass surgery, etc. are procedures that fall under the domain of cardiac surgery. Modern heart surgery scales the boundaries of off-pump bypass surgery and minimally invasive surgery or robot-assisted heart surgery. An important surgical procedure involving the removal of the pleura is called pleurectomy, which is used in the treatment of mesothelioma and pneumothorax. Some thoracic surgical procedures are lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS), segmentectomy, sleeve/bronchoplastic resection, etc. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various aspects related to cardiothoracic surgery. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of this surgical specialty and associated fields. This book aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.