Heretics (1905) by G. K. Chesterton is a collection of essays critiquing the dominant intellectual fashions of the early 20th century. Chesterton challenges modern thinkers-such as George Bernard Shaw, H. G. Wells, and Rudyard Kipling-not for holding unconventional beliefs, but for rejecting coherent systems of belief altogether. He argues that modern skepticism, relativism, and materialism undermine meaning, morality, and human dignity. Through wit, paradox, and satire, Chesterton defends the value of tradition, imagination, and common sense, laying the groundwork for his later, more explicit defense of Christianity in Orthodoxy.